The first known use of the adj... free essay sample

The principal known utilization of the descriptive word disruptive in the English language has been recorded as in 1642, at the episode of the English Civil war as loyalties were separated between supporting the lords Cavaliers or the Cromwells Roundheads. Right up 'til the present time Cromwell is a disruptive figure, who we can either think about a severe military despot, a liberal saint for strict toleration, or a class progressive supporting political opportunities and retaliating against the decision privileged. Nonetheless, when everything is thought of, it is obvious that notwithstanding moving the beginnings of a progressively popularity based England, he was a cruel and suppressive ruler who dishonestly became King in all manners however name.Firstly, Oliver Cromwell can be viewed as a fierce military despot. This can be seen by his mentality to Ireland, where his answer as pioneer of the English Parliamentary powers to the issue of the absence of help for the new republic (the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland) was to squash the distress and slaughter Irish residents. We will compose a custom paper test on The primary known utilization of the adj or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The specific number of passings coming about because of this crusade are profoundly questioned, anyway the decline in the Irish populace run from around 50 (The History and Social Influence of the Potato, Redcliffe N. Salaman) to 83 percent (The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland, John Patrick Prendergast). While it could be contended that the mercilessness of Cromwell, especially in Drogheda, would have spared lives in different pieces of Ireland, as it would have urged the residents to give up to his military, this was not generally the situation. During the attack of Wexford, Cromwell and his men consumed and looted the town, murdering an expected 2,000 troopers and 1,500 townspeople, while arrangements were all the while continuous. This shows an absence of will to bargain and a negligence for the military custom of quarter. The staying Irish were revealed To Hell or to Connaught! This was an area in Western piece of the Island of Ireland, and numerous others were extradited to Barbados to function as slaves. This is known to be the best demonstration of ethnic purifying in the British Isles since the Norman Conquest. After this mass extradition and killings, before the finish of 1656 80% of the Ireland was possessed by protestants. Whilst obviously he can't be accused for future occasions or the activities of future pioneers, this has been portrayed as a key issue prompting further questions and savagery among England and Ireland. As per the cutting edge US military, The best counterinsurgency battles incorporate and sync hronize political, security, financial, and instructive segments that strengthen legislative authenticity and viability while diminishing radical impact over the populace. COIN techniques ought to be intended to at the same time shield the populace from extremist viciousness; fortify the authenticity and limit of government organizations to administer dependably and underestimate radicals strategically, socially, and financially. While the conspicuous reaction to this would be that rules of war have essentially changed since the seventeenth Century, it is similarly certain that Cromwell bombed in his targets long haul, and he subverted war conventions of the time. In addition to the fact that he refused quarter, yet he without a doubt was excessively savage to fulfill his own strict suppositions just as the agreement of English Parliamentarians who might bolster this case of ethnic vengeance.Secondly, one must evaluate how much he can be viewed as an ethical pioneer who supported strict toleration. One of the key reasons of the Civil War was individuals needing to battle for increasingly strict opportunities, and there was a veritable dread that Charle s was undermining the Jacobean center route by forcing episcopacy on Scotland and upholding a typical petition book. This implied while many supported a protestant position for Britain, numerous likewise couldn't help contradicting the authorization of strict arrangements on the country. During Cromwells rule there absolutely was more strict toleration than Britain was acquainted with under Charles, anyway there were as yet numerous territories where social gatherings were not endured, and he charged the individuals who manhandled this freedom were exposed to guideline. There was as yet a state church, anyway it was not necessary to join in, and private love was to a great extent endured. The main Civil Ceremony relationships were directed in England, and the new government didn't direct arrangements on rituals, functions and holy observances. Numerous places of worship were left to choose how they wished to oversee absolutions or the Lords Supper as long as they to a great extent followed Protestant authentic lessons.

Free Online Public Schools for Florida Students K-12

Free Online Public Schools for Florida Students K-12 Florida offers inhabitant understudies the chance to take online government funded school courses for nothing. The following is a rundown of no-cost online schools as of now serving basic and secondary school understudies in Florida. So as to fit the bill for the rundown, schools must meet the accompanying capabilities: classes must be accessible totally on the web, they should offer administrations to state inhabitants, and they should be subsidized by the legislature. Virtual schools recorded might be contract schools, state-wide open projects, or private projects that get government subsidizing. Rundown of Florida Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Florida Connections AcademyFlorida Virtual School Florida Cyber Charter Academy About Online Charter Schools and Online Public Schools Numerous states presently offer educational cost free online schools for occupant understudies under a specific age (regularly 21). Most virtual schools are sanction schools; they get government subsidizing and are controlled by a private association. Online sanction schools are dependent upon less limitations than conventional schools. Be that as it may, they are evaluated consistently and must keep on fulfilling state guidelines. A few states likewise offer their own online government funded schools. These virtual projects for the most part work from a state office or a school region. State-wide government funded school programs shift. Some online state funded schools offer a set number of healing or propelled courses not accessible in physical government funded school grounds. Others offer full online certificate programs. A couple of states decide to finance â€Å"seats† for understudies in private online schools. The quantity of accessible seats might be constrained and understudies are generally approached to apply through their government funded school direction instructor. Picking a Florida Online Public School While picking an online state funded school, search for a built up program that is locally licensed and has a reputation of achievement. Be careful about new schools that are muddled, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of open investigation. For additional recommendations on assessing virtual schools perceive how to pick an online secondary school.

Bridger, James

Bridger, James Bridger, James, 1804â€"81, American fur trader, one of the most celebrated of the mountain men , b. Virginia. He was working as a blacksmith in St. Louis when he joined the Missouri River expedition of William H. Ashley in 1822. From that time until the fur trade declined in the 1840s he was a trader and trapper in the mountains, becoming familiar with most of the country N of Spanish New Mexico and E of California. He was associated with Thomas Fitzpatrick and Jedediah Smith in many of their journeys, and he is generally credited with being the first white man to see (1825) Great Salt Lake. He was the guide for the party of Marcus Whitman, and in 1843 he and a partner, Louis Vasquez, opened Fort Bridger on the Oregon Trail . They later were forced by the Mormons to give up the post. Bridger was a guide, notably to Gen. A. S. Johnston on the Mormon campaign in 1857, to an expedition to the present Yellowstone Park (a region he did much to publicize), and to the surveying party o f Gen. G. M. Dodge for the Union Pacific RR. He came to be famous for his talk, was a fine spinner of tall tales, and was one of the most picturesque figures of the frontier. See biographies by J. C. Alter (1925; rev. ed. 1962, repr. 1967), S. Vestal (pseud. of W. S. Campbell; 1946, repr. 1970), and G. Caesar (1961); B. De Voto, Across the Wide Missouri (1947). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Genetics ( Nature ) And The Environment ( Nurture ) Essay

1. Which one, genetics (nature) or the environment (nurture), do you think plays a larger role in the development of who you are? Please provide me with what percentage you think each contributes, e.g., 50% genetics/50% environment. I believe I am 60% environment and 40% genetics. 2. Think about whether or not everyone s synapses develop the same because of genetics (nature) or the environment (nurture). Please explain the role that genetics (nature) and the environment (nurture) play in the development of the six (6) major components of the synapse. Do this by listing and providing a brief summary of the six (6) major components. Then, describe how genetics (nature) and the environment (nurture) might affect the development of the six (6) major components as a whole. The main components of the synapses are as follows: The Axon terminal, found at the end of the Axon, passes neurotransmitters to other neurons via synaptic transmission. Synaptic Vesicles contain neurotransmitters within the Axon. Neurotransmitters themselves are chemical messengers that travel through the neurons and activate receptors on the receiving cell. The neurotransmitters are diffused through the synaptic cleft—a region between the two neurons and gap the neurotransmitter needs to cross to make it to the receiving cell. Said receiving cell is what receives the neurotransmitters and starts the process over again. The receptors on the cell are structures that receive the neurotransmitters andShow MoreRelatedNature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment Essay972 Words   |  4 Pagesclassic debated topic of Nature versus Nurture has been and will always be a quarrelsome subject in the scientific world. Meaning, the issue of the level to which environment and heredity sway behavior and development in a person. Nature can be defined as, behaviors due to heredity. This means the behaviors is based on the inherited makeup of an individual and is an influence of the growth and development of that individuals’ all through life. On the other hand nurture is causes of behaviors thatRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment1617 Words   |  7 Pagescaused by biological or environmental factors has proven to be one that has caused a dispute f or many years now. The biological or genetic factor of violent/criminal or aggressive behavior is certainly a much talked about topic. The idea that certain individuals could be predisposed to violence is something definitely deserving of doing research about. The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior, including aggression/violent behavior and criminal behaviorRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment710 Words   |  3 PagesDo you know how much your personality is the result of your genetic makeup, and how much is the result of the environment? The nature-nurture question is one of the oldest issues in psychology. This question is applicable to identical twins. They are the same age, same-sex, have the same genes, live in the same house, share same stuff, given identical presents, so in other words, they share the same environment from birth. The researcher tends to know if identical twins really share the sam e personalityRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Theory Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesQ) What was the basis of doctors reasoning to raise David (named Bruce at birth) as a girl? Explain the doctors reasoning in relation to nature versus nurture theories. The phycologist recommended to David’s parents that they can raise David as a girl just by developing his identity as a feminine. The physiologist also recommended that the surgical process of constructing penis would be more difficult and risky for David than the surgical construction of a vagina. The psychologist explained to David’sRead MoreNature Or Nurture Influences Individual Violent Behavior1609 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding whether nature or nurture influences individual violent behavior. People are concerned about what makes an individual to engage in violent behavior such murder or burglary among other types of crimes. They are also concerned about what makes people stop such behavior. However, there is no precise conception whether nature, nurture or both influence violence. Some people assume that, violent behavior results from individual’s life experiences or upbringing also known as nurture. Others feel thatRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Do Genes Or Environment Matter More? Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesNature versus nurture has emerged as one of the most heated debates in the 21st century. It is more aligned towards the internal and external factors that comprise human beings behavior. The internal factors are innate and perceived to be genetically revolved as opposed to the external factors that are influenced by the environment and individuals’ experiences. However, scholars in different fields have researched on the relationship between nature and nurture without due success and this has createdRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesNature vs. Nurture Essay Throughout many years, scientists have been debating about whether nature or nurture is the driving force that shapes a person’s cognitive abilities and personal traits. Before the ongoing debate can be explained, it is necessary to understand what nature and nurture actually are. Nature is loosely defined as the genetics one inherits and tendencies that influence development. Many things in an individual are hereditary, for instance; gender, disease, height, eye color,Read MoreDavid Moore s On Nature Vs. Nurture1230 Words   |  5 PagesRyan Babakhani Anthropology 423 Christina Campbell October 9, 2017 David Moore’s Take on Nature vs. Nurture Traditionally, studies of various organisms have highlighted the importance of genetics as the main determinant of the traits and behaviors that characterize them. This goes back to the Darwinian Theory, which categorized beauty and glamour as results of â€Å"good† genes and the existence of evil and depression as consequences of â€Å"bad† genes. The idea that genes are the critical determining factorRead MoreThe Evolutionary Factors That Have Shaped The Genetics That We Inherit From Our Parents1049 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION NATURE This refers to all the evolutionary factors that have that have shaped the genetics that we inherit from our parents. Nature determine the range of our human potential.Naturists believe that the knowledge humans have about the world is innate. Therefore human development is determined by heredity. NURTURE This has to deal with our environment; it refers to all the environmental factors that have influenced us since we began to grow. Nurture affects the way our human potentialRead MoreAdoption : Nature Vs Nurture1216 Words   |  5 PagesEric Fraley 4th hour English 3 Mrs. Laluzerne Jan, 12, 2016 Adoption Nature vs Nurture What makes someone an unique individual? Centuries of ancestors, genetics, evolution and heredity, or is what makes someone who they are based simply on how they were raised and what sort of environment they were raised in? The idea of Nature vs Nurture was created in 1869 in a book called Hereditary Genius by Francis Galton. In his book, he explains his findings on his exploration of the inheritance and

Benefits Of A Paid Time Off Essay - 1566 Words

Introduction Paid time off (PTO) is the system employer use to accumulate all kind of leaves as sick days, vacation days, and personal days that allows the employees to use upon need. this policy works mostly in the USA as such no legal obligation for a minimum number of paid vacation days. the PTO works best in the culture and accountable employee’s environment existing. US company’s regulator the amount off the pay day off that will be allocated to each employee. a general way, PTO system cover, everything from planned vacation to sick leaves .and are becoming more common in human resources management. unlike traditional more plans leave, PTO doesn’t distinguish employee’s absences from personal days or vacation days or sick days. Studies show that majority of the companies start using PTO system prior to the year 2000. PTO system allowed employees to take time off without any restriction imposed through traditional time off policies. the tactic provides employees with countable days that assign individually in the system, upon usage of the leaves, the system automatically reduces the remaining balance day. employees can employ their allocated days in their own personal, using the leave paid off leave system, without having to specify any reasons. employers can advantage from PTO asking the employees to determine their leaves in advance and employer can plan for lost work days and creating a family environment through the organization. Although organizations aren tShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Paid Time Off Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Introduction Paid time off (PTO) is system employer use to accumulate all kinds of leaves as sick days, vacation days, and personal days that allow the employees to use upon need. this policy works mostly in the USA as such no legal obligation for a minimum number of paid vacation days. the PTO works best in the culture and accountable employee’s environment existing. US company’s regulator the amount the pay day off that will be allocated to each employee. a general way, The PTO system coverRead MorePaid Time Off (Pto) Policies1726 Words   |  7 PagesTraditional leave systems separate time off into vacation, sick leave, personal leave, and other types of leave. In contrast, paid time off (PTO) banks typically combine all time off benefits into one cumulative bank of days which an employee can draw upon for any need. The delineations of such plans vary by employer (Lindemann Miller, 2012). In an organization, employees may receive time off for as compensation benefits. This may include sick leave, personal leave, vacations, holidays, etc. DifferentRead MoreThe Law Of The United States1314 Words   |  6 Pagesmaintenance of health benefits during leave, and job restoration after leave;. . . † This may guarantee your job and health benefits to be kept during the twelve week period, but the law does not cover every employer. The law also does not require any pay during the entire twelve weeks. That is the major difference in the way parental leave is handle in the U.S. compared to the rest of the world. Countries like Brazil, China, Netherlands, and Germany all offer 100 percent paid leave for a set numberRead MoreEssay On Paid Time Off1484 Words   |  6 PagesIt is apparent that paid time off can offer many benefits to employees and employers aside from just simply reducing occurrences of unscheduled time off, likewise, a paid-time-off (PTO) policy has other benefits such as PTO, makes employees more productive, increases retention rates, makes th e company more attractive to new hires, and helps prevent people from feeling guilty about taking time off. All in all, incorporating PTO can appear as a frightening challenge, although the process will differRead MoreThe Pay Scale At The Ccua Department1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhen making recommendations to the company, the management needs to be aware of all the aspects to consider in order to give accurate and detailed recommendations, to benefit the company as a whole. In this scenario, recommendations were given, but more information would have been helpful in determining more accurate and more precise advice to help the company stay competitive with other companies for these specific jobs. In terms of the pay scale at the CCUA department, more information needs toRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1578 Words   |  7 PagesAshay Mehta Nou Per 8 Should College Athletes Be Paid? One of the hottest debates in the sports industry is if college athletes should be paid. If you want to pay these athletes, how would the college determine the dollar amount that should be paid? Should the basketball team make more than the football team? Should the the soccer team be paid as well? Cheerleading? Chess team? Should everyone on the team get a salary? What if your college is good at football and your basketball team is awfulRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Employee Perks1273 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to 700-person employee experiment, being happy at work actually boosts your productivity. If you are able to keep employees happy, you can benefit in terms of productivity and even financial gains. So, how can you achieve these happier and more productive employees? One of the easiest ways is by looking into employee perks – those additional benefits you can provide to your employees to keep them more satisfied in their roles. Perks can help create a more positive and caring work environmentRead MorePaid Time Off ( Pto ) Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Paid time off (PTO) is the employer pools sick days, vacation days, and personal days that allows the employees to utilize upon need. this policy pertains mainly in USA as such no legal requirement for minimum number of paid vacation days. the PTO works best in the culture and accountable employee’s environment existing. US companies determine the amount off the pay day off that will be allocated to each employee. In general way PTO system cover, everything from planned vacation toRead MoreEmployee Benefit Plan Development : Employee Benefits Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee Benefit Plan Development â€Å"Understanding your employee’s perspective can go a long way towards increasing productivity and happiness† – Kathryn Minshew, founder of The Muse. In today’s highly competitive and robust job market, benefit programs have become an integral aspect of an employer’s total compensation package. In fact, an employer’s total benefit package plays just an important role in attracting and retaining talent for organizations as monetary compensation, according to a recentRead MoreGroup Final Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesContinuing Case: The New Benefits Plan Chapter conclusion: Benefits for employees are very important for companies. Benefits for employees include various insurance plans, paid vacation days, paid sick leave, paid days off, etc. Different companies need to establish different benefit plans based on their company conditions. In brief, benefit in one of the bridge between employers and employees. 13-21. Draw up a policy statement regarding vacations, sick leave, and paid days off for Carter Cleaning Centers

A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixteen Free Essays

Eddard They’ve found her, my lord.† Ned rose quickly. â€Å"Our men or Lannister’s?† â€Å"It was Jory,† his steward Vayon Poole replied. We will write a custom essay sample on A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"She’s not been harmed.† â€Å"Thank the gods,† Ned said. His men had been searching for Arya for four days now, but the queen’s men had been out hunting as well. â€Å"Where is she? Tell Jory to bring her here at once.† â€Å"I am sorry, my lord,† Poole told him. â€Å"The guards on the gate were Lannister men, and they informed the queen when Jory brought her in. She’s being taken directly before the king . . . â€Å" â€Å"Damn that woman!† Ned said, striding to the door. â€Å"Find Sansa and bring her to the audience chamber. Her voice may be needed.† He descended the tower steps in a red rage. He had led searches himself for the first three days, and had scarcely slept an hour since Arya had disappeared. This morning he had been so heartsick and weary he could scarcely stand, but now his fury was on him, filling him with strength. Men called out to him as he crossed the castle yard, but Ned ignored them in his haste. He would have run, but he was still the King’s Hand, and a Hand must keep his dignity. He was aware of the eyes that followed him, of the muttered voices wondering what he would do. The castle was a modest holding a half day’s ride south of the Trident. The royal party had made themselves the uninvited guests of its lord, Ser Raymun Darry, while the hunt for Arya and the butcher’s boy was conducted on both sides of the river. They were not welcome visitors. Ser Raymun lived under the king’s peace, but his family had fought beneath Rhaegar’s dragon banners at the Trident, and his three older brothers had died there, a truth neither Robert nor Ser Raymun had forgotten. With king’s men, Darry men, Lannister men, and Stark men all crammed into a castle far too small for them, tensions burned hot and heavy. The king had appropriated Ser Raymun’s audience chamber, and that was where Ned found them. The room was crowded when he burst in. Too crowded, he thought; left alone, he and Robert might have been able to settle the matter amicably. Robert was slumped in Darry’s high seat at the far end of the room, his face closed and sullen. Cersei Lannister and her son stood beside him. The queen had her hand on Joffrey’s shoulder. Thick silken bandages still covered the boy’s arm. Arya stood in the center of the room, alone but for Jory Cassel, every eye upon her. â€Å"Arya,† Ned called loudly. He went to her, his boots ringing on the stone floor. When she saw him, she cried out and began to sob. Ned went to one knee and took her in his arms. She was shaking. â€Å"I’m sorry,† she sobbed, â€Å"I’m sorry, I’m sorry.† â€Å"I know,† he said. She felt so tiny in his arms, nothing but a scrawny little girl. It was hard to see how she had caused so much trouble. â€Å"Are you hurt?† â€Å"No.† Her face was dirty, and her tears left pink tracks down her cheeks. â€Å"Hungry some. I ate some berries, but there was nothing else.† â€Å"We’ll feed you soon enough,† Ned promised. He rose to face the king. â€Å"What is the meaning of this?† His eyes swept the room, searching for friendly faces. But for his own men, they were few enough. Ser Raymun Darry guarded his look well. Lord Renly wore a half smile that might mean anything, and old Ser Barristan was grave; the rest were Lannister men, and hostile. Their only good fortune was that both Jaime Lannister and Sandor Clegane were missing, leading searches north of the Trident. â€Å"Why was I not told that my daughter had been found?† Ned demanded, his voice ringing. â€Å"Why was she not brought to me at once?† He spoke to Robert, but it was Cersei Lannister who answered. â€Å"How dare you speak to your king in that manner!† At that, the king stirred. â€Å"Quiet, woman,† he snapped. He straightened in his seat. â€Å"I am sorry, Ned. I never meant to frighten the girl. It seemed best to bring her here and get the business done with quickly.† â€Å"And what business is that?† Ned put ice in his voice. The queen stepped forward. â€Å"You know full well, Stark. This girl of yours attacked my son. Her and her butcher’s boy. That animal of hers tried to tear his arm off.† â€Å"That’s not true,† Arya said loudly. â€Å"She just bit him a little. He was hurting Mycah.† â€Å"Joff told us what happened,† the queen said. â€Å"You and the butcher boy beat him with clubs while you set your wolf on him.† â€Å"That’s not how it was,† Arya said, close to tears again. Ned put a hand on her shoulder. â€Å"Yes it is!† Prince Joffrey insisted. â€Å"They all attacked me, and she threw Lion’s Tooth in the river!† Ned noticed that he did not so much as glance at Arya as he spoke. â€Å"Liar!† Arya yelled. â€Å"Shut up!† the prince yelled back. â€Å"Enough!† the king roared, rising from his seat, his voice thick with irritation. Silence fell. He glowered at Arya through his thick beard. â€Å"Now, child, you will tell me what happened. Tell it all, and tell it true. It is a great crime to lie to a king.† Then he looked over at his son. â€Å"When she is done, you will have your turn. Until then, hold your tongue.† As Arya began her story, Ned heard the door open behind him. He glanced back and saw Vayon Poole enter with Sansa. They stood quietly at the back of the hall as Arya spoke. When she got to the part where she threw Joffrey’s sword into the middle of the Trident, Renly Baratheon began to laugh. The king bristled. â€Å"Ser Barristan, escort my brother from the hall before he chokes.† Lord Renly stifled his laughter. â€Å"My brother is too kind. I can find the door myself.† He bowed to Joffrey. â€Å"Perchance later you’ll tell me how a nine-year-old girl the size of a wet rat managed to disarm you with a broom handle and throw your sword in the river.† As the door swung shut behind him, Ned heard him say, â€Å"Lion’s Tooth,† and guffaw once more. Prince Joffrey was pale as he began his very different version of events. When his son was done talking, the king rose heavily from his seat, looking like a man who wanted to be anywhere but here. â€Å"What in all the seven hells am I supposed to make of this? He says one thing, she says another.† â€Å"They were not the only ones present,† Ned said. â€Å"Sansa, come here.† Ned had heard her version of the story the night Arya had vanished. He knew the truth. â€Å"Tell us what happened.† His eldest daughter stepped forward hesitantly. She was dressed in blue velvets trimmed with white, a silver chain around her neck. Her thick auburn hair had been brushed until it shone. She blinked at her sister, then at the young prince. â€Å"I don’t know,† she said tearfully, looking as though she wanted to bolt. â€Å"I don’t remember. Everything happened so fast, I didn’t see . . . â€Å" â€Å"You rotten!† Arya shrieked. She flew at her sister like an arrow, knocking Sansa down to the ground, pummeling her. â€Å"Liar, liar, liar, liar.† â€Å"Arya, stop it!† Ned shouted. Jory pulled her off her sister, kicking. Sansa was pale and shaking as Ned lifted her back to her feet. â€Å"Are you hurt?† he asked, but she was staring at Arya, and she did not seem to hear. â€Å"The girl is as wild as that filthy animal of hers,† Cersei Lannister said. â€Å"Robert, I want her punished.† â€Å"Seven hells,† Robert swore. â€Å"Cersei, look at her. She’s a child. What would you have me do, whip her through the streets? Damn it, children fight. It’s over. No lasting harm was done.† The queen was furious. â€Å"Joff will carry those scars for the rest of his life.† Robert Baratheon looked at his eldest son. â€Å"So he will. Perhaps they will teach him a lesson. Ned, see that your daughter is disciplined. I will do the same with my son.† â€Å"Gladly, Your Grace,† Ned said with vast relief. Robert started to walk away, but the queen was not done. â€Å"And what of the direwolf?† she called after him. â€Å"What of the beast that savaged your son?† The king stopped, turned back, frowned. â€Å"I’d forgotten about the damned wolf.† Ned could see Arya tense in Jory’s arms. Jory spoke up quickly. â€Å"We found no trace of the direwolf, Your Grace.† Robert did not look unhappy. â€Å"No? So be it.† The queen raised her voice. â€Å"A hundred golden dragons to the man who brings me its skin!† â€Å"A costly pelt,† Robert grumbled. â€Å"I want no part of this, woman. You can damn well buy your furs with Lannister gold.† The queen regarded him coolly. â€Å"I had not thought you so niggardly. The king I’d thought to wed would have laid a wolfskin across my bed before the sun went down.† Robert’s face darkened with anger. â€Å"That would be a fine trick, without a wolf.† â€Å"We have a wolf,† Cersei Lannister said. Her voice was very quiet, but her green eyes shone with triumph. It took them all a moment to comprehend her words, but when they did, the king shrugged irritably. â€Å"As you will. Have Ser Ilyn see to it.† â€Å"Robert, you cannot mean this,† Ned protested. The king was in no mood for more argument. â€Å"Enough, Ned, I will hear no more. A direwolf is a savage beast. Sooner or later it would have turned on your girl the same way the other did on my son. Get her a dog, she’ll be happier for it.† That was when Sansa finally seemed to comprehend. Her eyes were frightened as they went to her father. â€Å"He doesn’t mean Lady, does he?† She saw the truth on his face. â€Å"No,† she said. â€Å"No, not Lady, Lady didn’t bite anybody, she’s good . . . â€Å" â€Å"Lady wasn’t there,† Arya shouted angrily. â€Å"You leave her alone!† â€Å"Stop them,† Sansa pleaded, â€Å"don’t let them do it, please, please, it wasn’t Lady, it was Nymeria, Arya did it, you can’t, it wasn’t Lady, don’t let them hurt Lady, I’ll make her be good, I promise, I promise . . . † She started to cry. All Ned could do was take her in his arms and hold her while she wept. He looked across the room at Robert. His old friend, closer than any brother. â€Å"Please, Robert. For the love you bear me. For the love you bore my sister. Please.† The king looked at them for a long moment, then turned his eyes on his wife. â€Å"Damn you, Cersei,† he said with loathing. Ned stood, gently disengaging himself from Sansa’s grasp. All the weariness of the past four days had returned to him. â€Å"Do it yourself then, Robert,† he said in a voice cold and sharp as steel. â€Å"At least have the courage to do it yourself.† Robert looked at Ned with flat, dead eyes and left without a word, his footsteps heavy as lead. Silence filled the hall. â€Å"Where is the direwolf?† Cersei Lannister asked when her husband was gone. Beside her, Prince Joffrey was smiling. â€Å"The beast is chained up outside the gatehouse, Your Grace,† Ser Barristan Selmy answered reluctantly. â€Å"Send for Ilyn Payne.† â€Å"No,† Ned said. â€Å"Jory, take the girls back to their rooms and bring me Ice.† The words tasted of bile in his throat, but he forced them out. â€Å"If it must be done, I will do it.† Cersei Lannister regarded him suspiciously. â€Å"You, Stark? Is this some trick? Why would you do such a thing?† They were all staring at him, but it was Sansa’s look that cut. â€Å"She is of the north. She deserves better than a butcher.† He left the room with his eyes burning and his daughter’s wails echoing in his ears, and found the direwolf pup where they chained her. Ned sat beside her for a while. â€Å"Lady,† he said, tasting the name. He had never paid much attention to the names the children had picked, but looking at her now, he knew that Sansa had chosen well. She was the smallest of the litter, the prettiest, the most gentle and trusting. She looked at him with bright golden eyes, and he ruffled her thick grey fur. Shortly, Jory brought him Ice. When it was over, he said, â€Å"Choose four men and have them take the body north. Bury her at Winterfell.† â€Å"All that way?† Jory said, astonished. â€Å"All that way,† Ned affirmed. â€Å"The Lannister woman shall never have this skin.† He was walking back to the tower to give himself up to sleep at last when Sandor Clegane and his riders came pounding through the castle gate, back from their hunt. There was something slung over the back of his destrier, a heavy shape wrapped in a bloody cloak. â€Å"No sign of your daughter, Hand,† the Hound rasped down, â€Å"but the day was not wholly wasted. We got her little pet.† He reached back and shoved the burden off, and it fell with a thump in front of Ned. Bending, Ned pulled back the cloak, dreading the words he would have to find for Arya, but it was not Nymeria after all. It was the butcher’s boy, Mycah, his body covered in dried blood. He had been cut almost in half from shoulder to waist by some terrible blow struck from above. â€Å"You rode him down,† Ned said. The Hound’s eyes seemed to glitter through the steel of that hideous dog’s-head helm. â€Å"He ran.† He looked at Ned’s face and laughed. â€Å"But not very fast.† How to cite A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixteen, Essay examples

Business Ethics and Ethical Dilemma-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.What is a Professional? 2.How does the definition of 'Professional' that is provided in the textbook differ from how it is used in everyday language? 3.Givetwo examples of a professional as described by Shaw et al (2016). Give two examples of someone we might refer to as a professional but who does not meet the criteria discussed in Shaw et al. 4.Do Professionals have any special moral Obligations? 5.Why/why not? 6.What is a Dilemma? 7.Give an example of a Dilemma. 8.What is meant by informed Consent? 9.When might an employee who has agreed to abide by a workplace policy not have given informed Consent? 10.What is the purpose of Ethics? Answers: 1.A professional can be defined as the member of a specific professional organization or any kind of professional activity. The term professional also refers to the level of the qualification of the particular individual and the training that he possesses. The training received by the particular professional helps him to become suitable to be the member of any particular professional organization. The skills and the knowledge acquired by the professional is important to help him perform the particular role in the organization for which he has been hired (Leighton, 2015). 2.The definition of a professional that is provided in the textbooks is different from what is observed in the real life. According to the definition of the textbook, the professional acquires the knowledge required for his particular job and is then appointed for that particular role. However, in the real life scenario sometimes the professional who is hired based on his qualifications may not have the proper knowledge of the subject, on the other hand the person without the qualification may have the in-depth knowledge of the subject. The professional may also have to develop his skills during the job process itself (McFarlane, 2013). 3.The two examples of a professional are, The Human Resource Manager of a company. The HR Manager of a company is selected based on the skills and the knowledge acquired by that particular person and his qualifications as well. The Marketing Manager of a company is also a professional as per the definition and he is also selected by the company based on his qualifications. The two types of professionals who do not relate to the definition are, the home tutors and the businessmen who own a small business. These two types of professionals do not fit to the definition, however, in real life they also considered as professionals (Michaelson et al., 2014). 4.The professionals have certain obligations as discussed below, Moral obligations related to the laws The professional of an organization need to follow certain laws that are related to the organization of which they are a part. The ethical standards of the company are decided by these laws. Moral obligations related to the promise The promise or the agreement made by a professional with the organization of which he is a part is another moral obligation of a professional. Moral Principles of the professional The professionals own morals which is not related to any agreements or laws is another moral obligation (Nicol?escu, 2013). 5.The professionals of an organization need to abide by the moral obligations that are discussed in the above answer. The duty that the professional has regarding the organization is a moral obligation in itself. The expectations and the obligations of the company towards the professional is raised due to the duty that the professional has towards the organization. The laws of the organization, the agreements made by the organization with the professional are the obligations from the organizations point of view and the professionals personal values are the obligations from his own point of view (Ogbari et al., 2016). 6.The ethics of an organization is related to the relationship between the organization and the employees. The ways to develop the conscience of the employees, the courage required to analyse difficult situations, the acceptance of the cost related to the decisions and the actions taken by the employees. The way by which the person can stand by the decisions made by him. The ethics of a person helps the person to create a harmonious relationship with the others in the organization. The dilemma occurs when the person faces difficulty while choosing between the options available to him regarding a particular problem (Sroka L?rinczy, 2015). 7.The example of dilemma with respect to an organization can be as discussed further. A person has the choice between taking a shortcut and get the tender for his company with the help of recommendations from influential people or he can fight for the tender in an ethical manner. 8.Informed consent can be defined as the way by which the consent for a particular activity is given after the facts related to the decision are fully disclosed before the concerned person. The person can thereby measure the advantages and the disadvantages related to the decision taken by him regarding the particular situation (Trevino Nelson, 2016). 9.The employee who abides by the rules and the regulations of the organization may not have been given informed consent when the organization has not disclosed all the policies related to the operations of the company. The employee has made the agreement based on the provided information, however, the problem occurs when new set of information is disclosed (Verma, 2013). 10.The ethics related to a particular organization helps the organization to maintain a positive image in the industry to which it is related. The legal issues related to the company are also based on the ethics of the organization. The relationship of the organization with the others and the employee turnover is related to the strong ethics of the organization (Nicol?escu, 2013). References Leighton, P. (2015). Independent professionals: legal issues and challenges.International Review of Entrepreneurship,13(2), 81-92. McFarlane, D. A. (2013). The importance of business ethics to small ventures.Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management Journal,1(1), 50-59. Michaelson, C., Pratt, M. G., Grant, A. M., Dunn, C. P. (2014). Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), 77-90. Nicol?escu, E. (2013). Business ethics, corporate governance, and social responsibility.Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics,1(1), 86-92. Ogbari, M. E., Oke, A. O., Ibukunoluwa, A. A., Ajagbe, M. A., Ologbo, A. C. (2016). Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics: Implications on Corporate Performance.International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,6(3S). Sroka, W., L?rinczy, M. (2015). The perception of ethics in business: Analysis of research results.Procedia Economics and Finance,34, 156-163. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016).Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Verma, A. (2013). Role of Ethics in Business Scenario.Indian Journal of Research,7, 1-5.

Corporal punishment

Internationally, corporal punishment is considered to be one of the most ignored topics. Hot debates and discussions on the issues have been launched within vast communities globally. In simple language, corporal punishment can be defined as any use of physical force on someone with the intentions of correcting behavior (Prue and Alister par. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporal punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this paper, the entire discussion focuses on the cultural view upon corporal punishment and how it progressed with time. The paper also explains as to why through generations people preferred corporal punishment as discipline measure in child rearing despite of the consequences in has. Overview Corporal punishment has been known for long to be the best way of inflicting discipline on children. The punishment basically involves hitting a child with the hand, smacking, belting and even spanking (David par. 5). Moreover, there are other ways in which corporal punishment can also be administered. They include; kicking, biting, shaking and even forcing the child to stay in a discomfort environment for a period of time. Historically, corporal punishment was introduced back in the 10th century. In most communities, the cultural rules expect children to fully comply with their parents or teachers directives. Failure to comply with the directives given calls for severe corporal punishment administered to the child. Many people confuse corporal punishment with physical abuse. It is clear that corporal punishment involve inflicting mild pain on the body. On the other hand, physical abuse involves subjection to painful experience leading to injury development (David par. 8). Notable to mention is that, in the current world, the degree of punishment administration is regulated by the law. How is corporal punishment viewed cross-culturally? Internationally, there are very man y communities practicing different cultures. It is because of this that multicultural jurisprudence has been developed. This offer wider range of substantive solution to matter arising as a result of communities clashes. Most of these cultural clashes arise due to children issues. Therefore, it is important to mention that different communities have developed different mechanism used in child rearing practices. It can be noted that, such practices are widely divergent internationally. On the same note, the main divergent practice in child rearing is disciplinary measures employed (Alison p. 256). Many communities have different definition to the word child discipline. It is clear that majority of communities globally, embrace the use of physical force in correcting behavior. This is known as corporal punishment. It is meant to ensure that the child socialize well with everyone in the society.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporal punishment according to most community is a cultural practice that is mandatory. In anthropology, there is the theory of cultural relativism that deeply explains different cultural interpretation on corporal punishment. Based on the theory, it is evident that most communities treasure the fact that morality in the society must be strongly constructed (Alison p. 256). This means that most communities do practice corporal punishment to maintain high standard of morality despite having different cultural beliefs. In this case, most traditional cultures have set a standard of tolerance as a way of achieving community expectation. There are different forms of administering physical punishment according to culture. This means that, different communities have their own form of punishing children. Such punishment must be implemented even if it violates both national and international punishment standard. Additionally, the American cult ural practice has been ranked to be one of the worst and the cruelest form of physical punishment internationally. This is according to societies with traditional cultures that are treated under the same collection (Alison p. 257). On the other hand, cultural punishment practices should not be viewed as abusive as far as child rearing is concerned. This is because the practices are purely in accordance with the entire community standard. This means that all community members are in agreement with the cultural practice. It is important for each community to maintain high disciplinary standard on their children in whatsoever way. However, it is wrong for anyone to criticize a particular community for their customary practices. Outsiders must learn to comply with every strategy employed to promote morality within a community. As long as the main objective of corporal punishment is to boost good socialization among people, then communities must be encouraged to go on. This is because di scipline is an important aspect that must not be ignored in child rearing practice (Alison p. 258). What are the different motivations for engaging in corporal punishment in child-rearing? Corporal punishment is a disciplinary measure employed on children breaking either parents or teachers directives. This can be at any level. Violation of rules can occur either at home or even at school. There are different motivating factors contributing to the administration of corporal punishment. However, these factors widely vary depending on the environment and location of the child. Research studies have revealed that in America, majority of parents employ corporal punishment on their children (Elizabeth p. 10). This means that most parents use physical force in administering discipline to their children. Statistically, almost two thirds of parents with children under 2 years punish their children physically (Elizabeth p. 10).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporal punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, 80% and 85% of parents in America physically punished their children at 5th grade and adolescent respectively. This is a clear evidence of how corporal punishment was highly treasured in America culturally. The most contributing factor to physical punishment is lack of clear legislative policies that govern the consistency in which corporal punishment should be implemented. Therefore, whenever the child commits any mistake, the parents are always ready to administer painful physical punishment. There are children who are generally disadvantaged as far as corporal punishment is concerned. In America, according to gender, the male child is more exposed than the female (Prue and Alister par. 13). Most American parents would prefer light punishment for the girl child. Contrary, the boy child is always exposed to tough physical punishment. There are other family motivating factors. Fami ly population is another key motivating factor (Prue and Alister par. 13). In most cases, parents in large family go through hard time especially when trying to maintain high morality standard among their children. Factors like economic disadvantage also contribute and increase the likelihood of parents resorting to physical punishment (Prue and Alister par. 13). Parents are most likely to employ corporal punishment depending on their ethnic background and religious beliefs. In some communities, religion form very strong foundation on people lives. People are bound to live and operate following the religious teaching. Therefore, if the use of physical punishment on children is fully approved, then parents are bound to implement it according to the religion. Furthermore, there are parent who administer severe physical punishment to their children simply because they passed through the same when they were children. According to such parent experience, corporal punishment is the only w ay to make a child obedient and successful (Elizabeth p. 12).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Low level of education among parents is another factor that can contribute to employment of corporal punishment in child rearing process (Elizabeth p.12). This is because such parents do not understand or approve civilized strategies of disciplining children. Therefore, children are subjected to the traditional system of punishment administration their parent know (Elizabeth p.12). The other contributing factor includes the weigh of the misbehavior committed by the child. There are misbehaviors children engage in that could easily force their parent to use physical punishment. For example; if the child seriously hurt someone else or does something that could endanger life. In such scenario, most parents due to anger are likely to employ severe physical punishment (Elizabeth p.12). What are the different motivations for rejecting corporal punishment in child-rearing? In child rearing, parents must ensure that their children have access to full protection. Protection in this case refe rs to subjection to minimal pain and suffering. Internationally, there are countries that have come up with new legislative laws on corporal punishment (Prue and Alister par. 3). The law control and guide parents on how to administer punishment on their children. This is because there are children who sustain serious injuries due to corporal punishment. This is against the international principles of proper child care. One of the motivating factors contributing to rejection of corporal punishment is the strict legislative law on parents who cause injuries on their children that can last for over 24 hours (Prue and Alister par. 4). Such cases are considered to be physical child abuse and they are illegal. Parents are also encouraged to avoid hitting private and delicate parts of the body when administering corporal punishment. Therefore, parents who ignore such rules are liable to face prosecution. The other factor is the knowledge on the negative effects corporal punishment creates on the child. This has also contributed to the decline of physical punishment. Research has proven that children who are frequently subjected to severe corporal punishment may develop an impaired mental status. This might force the child to grow up associated with psychological maladjustments in adulthood. Therefore, most parents have dropped corporal punishment because of the negative side effect it has on children. It is known that one of the main objectives of corporal punishment is to correct behavior. However, most parents have realized that the more they punish their children the more they become rude. This means that the more corporal punishment is administered to a child, the more aggressive and disobedient the child becomes. Therefore, many parents have sought for other civilized punishment methods rather than corporal punishment (Prue and Alister par. 4). In the end, this has contributed to the decline of corporal punishment administration. How do motivation factors make s ense within the cultural context? It is important to mention there is no guarantee that all the mention motivation factors would bear 100% positive results. Within the cultural context, it is vital to explain the reason as to why corporal punishment does not make sense. To begin with, corporal punishment in real life situation does not teach children as to why the behavior committed was wrong (Elizabeth p. 12). This is purely against the cultural punishment practices. According to the culture, criminals must be told of the crime they committed before judgment. But corporal punishment does not offer this option. Different cultural groups globally have varying ways of endorsing physical punishment as a strategy of inflicting discipline on children. It is clear that most parents would support physical punishment once it is a cultural practice that has been embraced for years. In this context, no parent would ever agree to the fact that corporal punishment is harmful to children and sho uld be abandoned. Contrary, in the community, there are people with different opinion. Not all parents would believe that physical punishment is the only alternative method of punishing the child. These are the people who reject corporal punishment even if it is a cultural practice (Elizabeth p. 19). Has corporal punishment practices changed over time? In America, the use of corporal punishment as a disciplinary measure in child rearing has been strongly used throughout generations. Since the 17th century, corporal punishment has been the only solution for parents who wanted to correct their children characters. Nevertheless, this practice is currently fading away slowly. The beginning of 21st century opened new hope for children in America. Back in the 1960s, about 94% of American parents approved and supported the use of corporal punishment (Elizabeth p. 11). Research conducted at that time revealed that over 80% of American parent agreed to the fact that hitting a child helps in correcting behavior (Elizabeth p. 11). Nevertheless, as time went by, this cultural belief faded away slowly. In the year 2004, the same researchers concluded that the number of people supporting corporal punishment had reduced. Moreover, the percentage of parents agreeing with corporal punishment also dropped to about 71.3% (Elizabeth p. 11). In this case, it was clear that despite some parents do support corporal punishment; the number of supporting parents was gradually dropping. Furthermore, a survey conducted in the year 2005 revealed that only 23% of American parents approve corporal punishment to be used in schools (Elizabeth p. 11). This means that over 70% of American parents strongly rejected the use of physical punishment in schools. This was a clear indication that the use of corporal punishment was declining at a very steady state. The other evidence to the fact that corporal punishment was fading away in America was the establishment of corporal punishment task force i n the year 1992 (Michael and Murray par. 15). The task force was introduced by the American department of children affairs. The work of the task force was to campaign against the implementation of physical punishment on children. Similarly, another task force was also introduced by the American academy of pediatrics (Michael and Murray par. 15). In addition, the American national advocacy organization was also introduced in the year 1992. All this was devoted solely in the struggle to completely eliminate implementation of corporal punishment in child rearing. In 1992, a stimulating motto saying; end physical punishment of children (EPOCH) was also formed (Michael and Murray par. 15). The introduction of EPOCH further steered forward the fight against corporal punishment in America. EPOCH grew to be an international slogan and extended widely the fight against corporal punishment in other countries like United Kingdom. Ironically, it is important to mention that, corporal punishment has been widely neglected for long across the globe (Michael and Murray par. 17). This has been the main reason for the slowness in eradicating the practice. It is evident that even books meant to campaign against corporal punishment are very scarce globally (Michael and Murray par. 17). Most ironical is that, the few books available only contain information on corporal punishment not more than half a page. This neglect is one of the key contributing factors as to why corporal punishment is still being implemented internationally (Michael and Murray par. 17). In America, the use of physical punishment has greatly reduced in school today. Most schools have reduced the employment of physical punishment on their students. In some states like Iowa and New Jersey, physical punishment has completely been banned in all schools (Michael and Murray par. 17). Internationally, about 23 countries have successfully prohibited the use of physical punishment as a corrective measure in child reari ng (Prue and Alister par. 10). However, the entire process slowly began in schools through legislative mechanism (Prue and Alister par. 10). Furthermore, this was followed by the removal of lawful correction defense most parents used to promote corporal punishment (Prue and Alister par. 10). This means that there was no more defense excuse in court by parents and that corporal punishment on children was considered to be serious crime. It is also evident that in most countries, corporal punishment on children precisely in specific setting like schools has also been abolished. This achievement was also promoted widely after the formation of global initiative to end corporal punishment on children 2008 (Prue and Alister par. 10). In summary, however, it is important to point out that corporal punishment has greatly declined with time. The cultural perspective people had on physical punishment is now fading away slowly. The advancement of civilization and modern education has enabled mo st parents to employ other ways of effectively disciplining their children. This has killed the ancient cultural physical punishment methods people used before. The law is also not friendly on people who injure children in the name of correcting a behavior. This has scared most parents to keep off from such brutal punishment imposed on children (Prue and Alister par. 10). Impacts of corporal punishment practice Various research studies conducted have revealed that corporal punishment is not a sure and effective form of discipline. This is because of the fact that children could easily develop fear on their parents. Such fear can easily weaken the child social participation. Additionally, it is also easy to erode the child to parent relationship due to fear (Elizabeth p. 18). In this case, the child would prefer staying away from the parents and be safe from punishment. Corporal punishment may also teach the child to be more violent. This is seen when the child grow up knowing that v iolence must be linked with any loving relationship (Elizabeth p. 18). Such children end up being more violent than their parents. The child could also develop the notion that aggression is the only way to achieve a goal. The other important reason is the fact that physical punishment can fully interfere with the parent message. This is because since the child is subjected to painful experience, the perception on the parent directives could disappear automatically (Elizabeth p. 18). Conclusion In summary, it is very clear from the discussion that the issue on corporal punishment is greatly contentious. The emergence of modern education is the key contributing factor to the decline of corporal punishment (Adam and Megan par. 1). Most learned parents have opted to use other alternative ways of disciplining children other than corporal punishment. This has contributed to the decline of corporal punishment today (Adam and Megan par. 1). Works Cited Adam, Zolotor and Megan E. Puzia. Bans Against Corporal Punishment: A Systematic Review of the Laws, Changes in Attitudes and Behaviors. 21 July, 2010. Web. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/car.1131. Alison D. Renteln 2010, Corporal Punishment and The Cultural Defense. PDF file. 9 Dec. 2012. https://lcp.law.duke.edu/. David, Benatar. Corporal Punishment. 4 Feb. 2001. Web. https://www.corpun.com/benatar.htm. Elizabeth T. Gershoff 2008, Report on Physical Punishment in The United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children. PDF file. 9 Dec. 2012. https://www.zeroabuseproject.org/center-for-effective-discipline/. Michael, Donnelly and Murray A. Straus. â€Å"Corporal Punishment of Children in Theoretical Perspective.† Yale University Press. (2005): 3-7. New Haven. London. Web. Prue, Holzer and Alister Lamount. â€Å"Corporal Punishment Key Issues.† National Child Protection Clearinghouse. 978.1 (2010). Australian Institute of Family Studies. Web. This essay on Corporal punishment was written and submitted by user Kelsey Petty to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Corporal Punishment Corporal punishment as a form of disciplinary action to children has elicited a fierce debate and controversy over its effectiveness in shaping children’s behavior in the society. Sociologists, psychologists, and legal experts differ on whether corporal punishment has long-term benefits in shaping children’s behavior or not. The difference in opinions has resulted into quest for more research in order to ascertain both short and long-term effects of corporal punishment on children.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Corporal Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gershoff argues that, â€Å"crucial questions remain unanswered, such as what range of child behaviors and experiences are empirically associated with parental corporal punishment, as well as why, how, and for whom corporal punishment might have such effects† (539). Due to lack of empirical evidences to prove whether cor poral punishment is harmful or not to the children, the opposing schools of thought are yet to justify their theoretical views and beliefs. The research concerning corporal punishment is very complex because there are no clear-cut differences between abusive punishment and non-abusive punishment, thus confounding the research findings. Furthermore, corporal punishment and naughty behaviors have intricate relationship in that, it is very difficult to establish causal relationships. Since corporal punishment is associated with untoward childhood behaviors and experiences, it is an ineffective and an undesirable form of parental discipline. Corporal punishment is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline because it only causes immediate compliance, which has short-term effects in shaping child’s behavior contrary to the long-term expectations by the parents. Numerous studies have shown that parents normally administer corporal punishment with the objective of reali zing immediate compliance of the children. Empirical studies have proved that short-term compliance due to corporal punishment is very effective in learning. â€Å"There is general consensus that corporal punishment is effective in getting children to comply immediately, but at the same time there is caution from child abuse researchers that corporal punishment by its nature can escalate into physical maltreatment† (Gershoff 549). Meta-analysis has proved that administration of corporal punishment does not have long-term behavioral change as expected by the parents; it only causes immediate compliance, and this phenomenon beats the logic of using corporal punishment in disciplining children. Corporal punishment is essential in achieving control of rowdy and disruptive children; nevertheless, it does not help in long-term development of behavior in children. Although corporal punishment has short-term compliance, continued and consistent administration negatively affects inter nalization of morals.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Continued and consistent administration of corporal punishment affects children negatively in the process internalizing the desired morals. Moral internalization is appropriate mechanism of developing acceptable behaviors because intrinsic factors rather than the extrinsic factors form the essential driving forces that compel children to mature well. Social and emotional maturation of the children critically depends on the intrinsic factors for such factors enable children to internalize moral values and beliefs in the society. In contrast, extrinsic factors such as corporal punishment seem to have an imposing influence on the intrinsic factors thus affecting internalization of morals. The intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate behavior development during the growth of children have mutually exclusive effect in t he development of behaviors. According to the attribution theory, â€Å"theorists emphasize that power-assertive methods such as corporal punishment promote children’s external attributions for their behavior and minimize their attributions to internal motivations corporal punishment †¦ may not facilitate moral internalization because it does not teach children reasons for behaving correctly† (Gershoff 541). Therefore, corporal punishment does not instill the essence of morality to the children for children subjected to corporal punishment behave according to conditioned punishment. Since the children do not understand the essence of morality, they develop aggressive behaviors to resist or avoid severe corporal punishment. Administration of corporal punishment results into aggressive behavior; hence it is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline. The relationship between corporal punishment and aggressive behavior is very complex to establish causal relationship. Extensive literature reviews have confirmed that, there is significant positive correlation between corporal punishment and aggressive behaviors among children. These findings imply that corporal punishment promotes development of aggressive behaviors in children, thus inappropriate form of parental discipline. Based on the attribution theory, the relationship between corporal punishment and aggressive behavior emanate from the fact that corporal punishment interferes with the internalization of moral values and beliefs, leaving children to depend on extrinsic factors as determinants of morality resulting into aggressive defense.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Corporal Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social control theory also indicates that corporal punishment degrades child-parent relationship, prevent internalization of moral values, and increases aggressive behaviors du e to lack of internal motivation and self-control. Gershoff argues that, â€Å"parental corporal punishment affects children primarily by initiating and shaping emotional and cognitive processes in the children, which in turn predispose them to engage in certain behaviors or have particular experiences such as aggression† (551). Hence, cognitive processes are important in mediating and developing aggressive behaviors and experiences. However, it is very difficult to establish causal relationship between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. Despite the assumption that untoward behavior and experiences relates with corporal punishment, the causal relation between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors is blurred which makes it difficult to determine the causational effect. Psychological research depends on observational and experiential models to establish causal relationships but the findings do not consider confounding factors that could possibly mediate assumed causal relationship between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. Gershoff asserts that although models of correlation have assumed that corporal punishment causes naughty behaviors, they have not sufficiently ruled out the possibility that naughty behaviors to induce corporal punishment, â€Å"because corporal punishment occurs rarely and eludes observation, researchers interested in the effects of corporal punishment need to consider more ingenious methods of establishing causality† (556). Therefore, there is no sufficient evidence to prove that causation relationship exists between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. However, meta-analysis research has attempted to demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that corporal punishment causes naughty behaviors in children. The establishment of causation relationship is quite possible because meta-analysis research measures and monitors behavior development from the e arliest point possible thus considering time precedence and isolating other factors that may confound the causational effect. Since there is no significance evidence to rule out that corporal punishment increases development of naughty behaviors, then corporal punishment is ineffective and undesirable form of parental discipline. Conclusion In a recap, the controversy regarding the effectiveness of corporal punishment still rages as the opposing schools of thoughts have strong evidence to support their views. Sociologists, psychologists and legal experts have not yet reached a conclusion that corporal punishment elicits untoward behaviors and experiences in children. Given that the relationship between corporal punishment and naughty behavior in children is very complex, it is also difficult to establish the causational relationship without making some assumptions.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, meta-analysis has significantly demonstrated that there is causational relationship between corporal punishment and development of naughty behaviors. The relationship between corporal punishment and naughty behaviors portrays chicken-egg relationship in that, it is difficult to establish which one of two comes first. Works Cited Gershoff, Elizabeth. â€Å"Corporal Punishment by Parents and Associated Child Behaviors and Experiences: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review.† Psychological Bulletin 128.4 (2002): 539–579. This critical writing on Corporal Punishment was written and submitted by user Makenzie Parrish to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Vrais Amis - French English True Cognates Letter P

Vrais Amis - French English True Cognates Letter P One of the great things about learning French or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. The 1,700 words on the following pages are spelled (although not pronounced) identically in French and English and are true or semi-true cognates. Before you start memorizing them, please read some important notes about these cognates.The (parentheses) indicate the words part of speech in both languages, and, in the case of nouns, the gender of the noun in French.palindrome  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)palpable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)palpitation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)panache  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)panda  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)panorama  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pantomime  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)papa  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)paparazzi  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)paprika  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)papyrus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parachute  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parade  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)paranormal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)paraphras e  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)parasite  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parasol  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pardon  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)parental  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)partial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)participant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)participation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)partisan  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)partition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)passable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)passage  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)passion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pastel  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)pastoral  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)patience  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)patient  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)patio  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)patois  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)pause  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)payable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)pectoral  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)pedigree  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)penchant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)penny  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pentagonal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)perceptible  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adject ive)perception  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)percussion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)perfection  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)perforation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)performance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)permanence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)perspective  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)persuasion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pertinence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pertinent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)perversion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pestilence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pH  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phallus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phase  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)philodendron  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phosphate  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phosphorescent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)photo  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)photon  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)phylum  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)physique  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)piano  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)picaresque  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)piccolo  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pickpocket  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pidgin  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pigeon  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine no un)pigment  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pigmentation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pipeline  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)piranha  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pirate  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)pivot  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pixel  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pizza  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pizzeria  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)placebo  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)placement  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)placenta  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)plantation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)plaque  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)plasma  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)platitude  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)plausible  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)plumage  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)plural  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)plus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (conjunction)podium  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)poignant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)police  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)polio  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)polka  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pollen  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pollution  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)population  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pore  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine no un)port  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)portable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)portion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)portrait  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)pose  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)position  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)possession  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)possible  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)postal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)postnatal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)posture  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)potable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)potassium  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)potion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prairie  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)prescription  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prestige  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)primate  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)primordial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)prince  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)principal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)prison  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)probable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)procession  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)proclamation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)procuration  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)production  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)profession  Ã‚  Ã‚  (fe minine noun)profit  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)profitable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)profusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)programme (UK)  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)progression  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prohibition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)projectile  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)projection  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prologue  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)promenade  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)promotion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)pronominal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)propagation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)propane  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)proportion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)propulsion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prose  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prospectus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)prostate  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prostitution  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prostration  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)protection  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)protestation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)proton  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)prototype  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)provenance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)proverbial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)pr ovidence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)province  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)provincial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)provision  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)provocation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prude  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)prudence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)psoriasis  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)public  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)publication  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)punk  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine / feminine noun)purge  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)purification  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)

Professional Resources Essay Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional Development of Teacher - Literature review Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Lefrancois’ book has detailed information on how to improve the behavior of the children within and outside of the classroom. His description of behaviorism, as well as the social learning theory, is rather explicit. Thus, these elements of reward and punishment and the effect of learning on the child’s self-esteem will greatly enhance my teaching technique and strategies.   In terms of my decision making, Lefrancois highlighted a number of key elements within the classroom environment which would warrant the need to make decisions on a timely basis. One such incident is the idea of multiculturalism within the classroom. The author highlights the fact that different cultures require different approaches in teaching and the understanding of the central concepts of the various cultures within my classroom would allow me to make better decisions for the overall improvement of each individual within the class. Lefrancois in t he organization of the text constantly points to vignettes of teachers within the field. In addition, he supplies Internet activities which may be used not only to improve pedagogical techniques but professional development as well. The second resource represents the work done by a professional in the field, a professor of a University, Stephen Davis. Davis (2007) highlights the â€Å"gap† between the work produced by researchers and its authentic impact within the walls of the classroom and the education system. He suggests a number of concerns he held with regard to teachers’ wholesale adoption of these research-based programs within their classroom context. He insists that â€Å"Good research is a road map and rarely a destination† (14). In terms of my professional development as well as my day to day teaching Davis suggestions of becoming skillful in the understanding and use of research, rudiments is a major consideration. He insists that as teachers one sh ould not wholly trust the research material because the producers of these materials may have â€Å"lost touch† (3) with the day to day functioning of a classroom. Thus, in making a decision about which research-based content to use the teacher must be thorough in investigating the source and publication of the content as well as the background of the researchers. Davis’ article contains relevant advice which would affect my teaching, decision making, and professional development, he states â€Å"one size rarely fits all† (9) thus, as a teacher I must thoroughly assess the research before attempting to utilize it within the classroom.  

Changes in marketing of beer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Changes in marketing of beer - Assignment Example but now it is primarily made from barley (Hornsey, pg. 14). Hops are another ingredient which imparts a characteristic flavour to beer. Beer usually has a low level of alcohol (7-13%) compared to hard liquors like whiskey, gin or rum and is usually taken undiluted and in a chilled state which makes it convenient as well as easy to drink without the risk of high inebriation. This is the reason of its popularity hence making it a popular product both for the manufacturer as well as the consumer. During the 1950-60s the world was in a rebuilding process after the Second World War and countries in Europe were re-establishing their economic and business infrastructure. In fact the whole world was affected by the aftermaths of war and businesses including the brewery industries had not spread beyond the national boundaries. The United States of America was the only country where business had thrived up to some extent during the war. Hence most of the advertising campaigns seen for beer mostly come from that part of the world. Some of the popular advertisements were in the form of short television clips which correlated beer drinking with hard work (video.google.com). The video site shows a number of popular beer advertisements and jingles of that era. Most of the videos incorporate glamour, adventure, outdoor life and humour in the advertisements and eulogise the quality of different brands. Some of the popular brands of that era include Budweiser, Altoona, Old Tavern, Lone Sta r, Falstaff, C.I.O., Golden Gate, Coors, etc. (www.vintagedepotdirect.com). Product designs were though quite creative and impressive even in that era and showed a lot of ingenuity with liberal use of glamour which went into beer advertising. A lot of memorabilia like badges, crockery, souvenirs’, etc. were put up on sale which promoted particular brands and kept reminding the collectors about the qualities

Board Committee Organization Structure Of Starbucks Marketing Essay

Board Committee Organization Structure Of Starbucks Marketing Essay In 1971, four people fill with passion of coffee open their first coffee retail store-Starbucks in Seattle, Washington. By 1981, the company had 4 retail stores, which were sale whole bean coffee. Howard Schultz, who is the chairman and CEO of Starbucks, was hired and join the marketing team in 1982. At that time, Schultz wanted to create an idea that Starbucks become Americans third place to go, which is a place people can enjoy, relax themselves and not far away from work or home. Hence, Schultz suggested company set up an espresso bar in the retail, hence, the idea was allow to test in the sixth store in 1983. From then on, the development of company increased significantly. Few years later, Schultz bought Starbuck. After Schultz took over the company, Starbucks turn into high-speed expansion stage. By 1992, Starbucks already had 140 stores, which serviced coffee, beverage, cake and some stores even sold jazz CDs (Tuck business school, 2002). Now, Starbucks is worldwide company wi th 17,800 stores in 49 countries including more than 10000 stores in US, 1000 in Canada and 800 in UK (google map, 2010) Methods Data collection methods Methodology As members of Group 8 (ASB 4431 Organisations People Assignment Groups 2010-11) perusing a Masters degree in Bangor University, have done a report on Starbucks critically evaluating the organisations structure, strategy, culture, and management/leadership style. Data collection method The research strategy that the study utilized is the explanatory or Analytical research approach. As this study is based on our analysis of Starbucks, structure, culture, leadership and other issues would be explored; questions will need answering thereby a need to understand the phenomena. The use of a Qualitative data analysis will be employed since the data we use will all be non-numeric data. Saunders et al, (2009) Source of data Secondary data was obtained from already existing data mainly from Starbucks website, other Internet sources, journals and textbooks. Issues and challenges There are three issues considered in this report, first is the resource constrains, most of the articles we found are all available online, however not all of them are free to assess, especially for those authoritative articles that always need to pay to assess, for example, the book named Pour Your Heart Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time, which written by Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz is a good reference for our report, however, we can not assess it without buying it. Second issues is the lack of critical review for Starbucks, most paper we found was regard Starbucks as the positive example in explaining organisational behaviour, there is no doubt that Starbucks doing a great job in rewarding their employees, however it brings challenges to be critical in our report. The final issues is the ethical and legal issues, as all the article we found can published publicly, and we all using appropriate reference, as a result, there is no ethical and legal issues to co nsider for our report. Analysis In this study, qualitative data analysis has been conducted to evaluate the organisational feature of Starbucks Corporation rather than using quantitative analysis such as statistical analysis.   In order to gather the data, remote data collection, such as Internet search and literature review about has been mainly conducted.   The purpose of this study is to critically evaluate the organisation structure, strategy, culture and management or leadership applications of Starbucks Corporation, therefore all information are gathered by internet search and literature review.   In order to analyse gathered data to evaluate feature of Starbucks Corporation, observed data analysis method has been practiced.   Comprehensive search for several facts related to structure, strategy, culture and management/leadership applications of Starbucks, has been executed by using Internet search and literature review.   Afterwards, critical evaluation has been conducted to link all information or ganically.   Finally, all analysis results were integrated and final conclusion has been created. Results Overview of corporate strategy business goals Mission statement A mission statement is a brief description of an organisations fundamental purpose, which is steered in outlining the existence of the organisation; this is to enable members of the organisation to be aware of the companys purpose as well as the general public. (David, 2009) A mission statement should be a short and brief declaration of goals and objectives. The primary goal of any business is to maximize stakeholder worth, which includes shareholders of the business, business employees and clients or customers who purchase business goods and services. (David, 2009; Abell, 1980) Diverse works have outlined what should be covered in a mission statement (Abell, 1980; Pearce and David, 1987). It is not the content of the mission statement that really matters but rather the process used to prepare the document and the principles employed to fulfil the prepared document (Mullane, 2002). In the mission statement of Starbucks which talks about inspiring and nurturing the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighbourhood with principles to live out every day as an organisation to fulfil their mission statement. The principles below are what Starbucks employ in achieving their mission statement; Our Coffee; It has always been, and will always be, about quality. Were passionate about ethically sourcing the finest coffee beans, roasting them with great care, and improving the lives of people who grow them. We care deeply about all of this; our work is never done. Our Partners; Were called partners, because its not just a job, its our passion. Together, we embrace diversity to create a place where each of us can be ourselves. We always treat each other with respect and dignity. And we hold each other to that standard. Our Customers; When we are fully engaged, we connect with, laugh with, and uplift the lives of our customers even if just for a few moments. Sure, it starts with the promise of a perfectly made beverage, but our work goes far beyond that. Its really about human connection. Our Stores; When our customers feel this sense of belonging, our stores become a haven, a break from the worries outside, a place where you can meet with friends. Its about enjoyment at the speed of life sometimes slow and savored, sometimes faster. Always full of humanity. Our Neighbourhood; Every store is part of a community, and we take our responsibility to be good neighbours seriously. We want to be invited in wherever we do business. We can be a force for positive action bringing together our partners, customers, and the community to contribute every day. Now we see that our responsibility and our potential for good is even larger. The world is looking to Starbucks to set the new standard, yet again. We will lead. Our Shareholders; We know that as we deliver in each of these areas, we enjoy the kind of success that rewards our shareholders. We are fully accountable to get each of these elements right so that Starbucks and everyone it touches can endure and thrive. Environmental Mission Statement; Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business Our Starbucks Mission Statement; Our mission: to inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time. (Starbucks: Our Mission Statements) Business strategy To understand and analyse corporate strategy and business goal of Starbucks, we firstly need to have a clue of what corporate strategy is. By Johnson and Scholes, corporate strategy is defined as: Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. In the case of Starbucks, the organization is employing Porters Differentiation Focus Strategy. This strategy provides a product or service to a specific market niche and differentiates from competition in specific areas. (Rebecca Larson, 2009) Starbucks does not exist as a low-cost company to the competitors. It focuses on the specialized selections, provides specially tailored lines of coffee and tea related products for a premium price. Starbucks does not promote itself by using traditional means; they generally concentrate on high-level marketing and branding by word-of-mouth, as well as alliances and partnerships. They try not to promote the company, however automatically they are promoted by providing customer support and also their excellent works in which up to now has becoming a successful strategy. By the companys hard work, focusing on details and ethical decision-making, customers have experienced a wonderful service, as a result, the company gradually built up its reputation and becoming one of the most valuable global brands.(Theodore,2002,p.62) It is incredible that Starbuckss achievement with very few commercials, ads or any other kind of marketing means. Starbucks could not become a coffee-related products giant retailer and remain long-term success only by selling coffee on its own. One important part of the companys strategy is strategic alliances, which could also be called joint venture approach. This strategy leads the globalization of the company with higher recognition and reputation of the brand also exposing the brand to other potential customers. The variety of companys products is relatively being expanded demographically and geographically. For example, in order to advance social and economic equality, the company allied with NAACP, the company donated and together with NAACP organized events for social equality has becoming a great success. It showed that Starbucks is no longer a simple business organization, it also exists as a charity and that brings the company higher reputation. They also partnered with Barnes and Noble bookstores to be the in-house coffee shop in 1993, (Isidro, 2004) co-produce coffee-related drinks such as Starbucks Frappuccino with PepsiCo from 1996, formed alliances with ice-cream manufactures and hotel chains to offer Starbucks brand and flavored ice-creams and Starbucks coffees within the hotels (Rebecca Larson, 2009). Explanation of organisational structure Board Committee organization structure of Starbucks The structure of Starbucks Company is shown in Figure 1.   As mentioned by Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Annual Report (2009), as group member of the Board of Directors, Howard Schultz was appointed to Companys chairman and chief executive. Barbara Bass, William W. Bradley, Mellody Hobson, Olden Lee, James G. Shennan, Javier G. Teruel, Myron E. Ullman and Graig E. Weatherup were appointed to director individually. Kevin R. Johnson and Sheryl Sandberg were appointed to Chief Operating Officer individually. Additional, Starbuck Corporation consisted of 38 members of Senior Officers. Board Committees are composed of Audit and Compliance Committee, Corporation Compensation and Management Development Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Composition Job Design Board of Director The Board of Director inclusive twelve members, independence of each member are requested to meet of the NASDAQ Stock Market efficiently. When Board getting direction about recommendation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the Board of Directors will appoint a new member in case of there is a vacancy occupation occur on the Board. The Board of Directors of Starbucks Company are responsible for monitoring company powers and ensuring that the company business meet goals which is requested by shareholders. The Board have responsibility to select nominees for the Board of Directors who have appropriate qualifications and diversity of backgrounds experiences. And also, it is in charge of appointing chief operating officer.   (Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Annual Report, 2009) Composition Job Design Audit and Compliance Committee The Audit and Compliance Committee are in charge of financial reporting and internal, external audit processes. The Committee assists the Board of Director reviewing financial issue. The Committee was appointed from the Board of Directors. The Committee have three members at least and all of them shall match The NASDAQ Stock Market requirements independence. The Committee be recommended by the Corporate Governance Committee, and finally appointed by the Board of Director. The Committee has authority to investigate any financial activity and free access to members of management. It is retain independent legal counsel. All employees have responsibility to assisting members of the Committee investigation (Starbucks Corporation Audit And Compliance Committee Charter, 2010) Composition Job Design Corporation Compensation and Management Development Committee The Compensation and Management Development Committee has responsible for working with management to establish appropriate compensation practices for the Company. There are deciding the benefits and compensations for senior officers of the Company. The Committee consists of three members at lease, which one member be required come from Board of Director. The members of Committee will be pointed from Board as well. The Committee conducts an annual review of companys compensation for Senior Officer instead of president and chairman. Together with the Chairman of the Corporate Governance Committee, the Chair of the Committee shall annually review the performance of the president and chief operating officer and meet with them to share the findings of such review when after discussing with the member of independent directors of the Board (Starbucks Corporation Compensation and Management Development Committee Charter, 2010). Composition Job Design Corporation Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee The Corporate Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for developing and implementing policies and procedures of the Board of Directors. They are intended to constitute and organize appropriately to meet its obligations to Starbucks Company and its shareholders. The Committee will be comprised of at least three members, all of whom have to meet the independence requirements of the NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC as well as. Under Board of Directors direction, members of the Committee and a Chair of the Committee shall be appointed. The Board of Directors shall appoint a new member or members, which is a vacancy on the Committee. The Committee have professional capability to assist Board identifying candidates personality. Reviewing the Companys Corporate Governance Principles and Practices annually according to changing shareholders interests and suggesting appropriate modifications to the Board of Directors. And evaluate the overall effectiveness of the organization of the Board Committees performance. Evaluation of the organisation structure of Starbucks According to SeaZone (2009), organisation structure of Starbucks Company is Matrix structure.  Ã‚  This is one type of organisation structures that is presented by Gareth Morgan.   The organisation structure is quite important to manage organisation, it plays important role for organisations activities.  Ã‚  Moreover, the organisation structure is related to its business purpose and aims. (Mullins, 2005)   Matrix structure is the organisation structure that has both of vertical structure and strong horizontal structure.   It requires employees to have two reporting relationships concurrently.  Ã‚  In this structure, employees work in provisional group constituted by employees from different function.  Ã‚  There are two lines of authority in this structure and employees have two bosses in their team namely boss for their project and boss for their function. (Mullins, 2005) Specific future of matrix structure Matrix structure provides organisation flexibility, and contributes to keep security and control of project information.  Ã‚  Moreover, organisation can have a possibility to develop stuff well.  Ã‚  (Mullins, 2005)  Ã‚  However, there are some disadvantages of matrix structure.  Ã‚  At first, there is limitation of number of employees who report to the project manager directly, because most of all stuffs are assigned from department managers.  Ã‚  This situation may lead uncertainty in organisation and employees may be unwilling to accept that their situation is changed constantly and willing that they establish in their functional group.  Ã‚  Next, matrix structure has a possibility that organisation make more complex.  Ã‚  Thirdly, extension of the authority of manager to the stuff coming from other sections can be a course of problem in organisation.  Ã‚  Finally, it is expected that functional group may not attention to their normal tasks and role.  (Mullins, 2 005)   What is required in matrix structure? Matrix structure strongly deeply rely on teamwork spirits, it demand culture of co-operation.  Ã‚  In this structure, managers are required high level of behavioural and management ability and organisation needs culture of collaboration.  Ã‚  It is necessary to educate employees to support other stuffs and to create the teamwork spirits.  Ã‚  Moreover, stuffs must have a special competence to solve the conflict in their team in the matrix-structured organisation.  Ã‚   How organisation structure works in Starbucks There are some disadvantages in matrix structure as mentioned before, however, Starbucks, especially Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks Company, may have understood these problems.   Therefore he gave special statement to employees when he expanded Starbucks structure to reinforce their internal and external communication in 2008.  Ã‚  He has explained the difficulties of doing business in situation in those days and strongly suggested change of not only structure but also employees in order to enhancing the customer experience.  Ã‚  In that message, he also stated that structure of Starbucks Company faced the revolutionary  change, however it was necessary to improve customers and stuffs experiences and recapture the vigour and benefits in the company.  Ã‚  As he explained in that message, he recognised or realised that this structural modification was hard for some stuffs owing to increase and complex of their tasks, however he also described that he made this decision unde rstanding these kinds of issues.  Ã‚  He explained that he had decided this numerous change of structure with speculation and he respected for stuffs concerned.   (Starbucks, 2008) Analysis of organisational culture With the development of economy, the competitions between companies not only aim at the product they offered but also their internal organisation culture. Deal and Kennedy researched organization culture for 15 years and they found that organisation with weak culture always beaten by organisation with strong culture (1999). Edgar Schein who is generally consider the father of organization culture defined that organization is a pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problem (1985). Organization cultures pay attentions to individuals in a organization that it establish an appropriate platform make individual join in the organization quickly and help people work together toward the same organizati on goals. In addition, organization culture help employee improve their personal ability and knowledge to maximum. In the meantime, organisation culture forms the external performance and reputation, which are important to decision making during purchasing Starbucks is one of the successful chain coffee stores. It is because it has a unique organisation culture. In order to understand internal culture in Starbucks, we will use the Great Holsfedes cultural framework. Holsfedes used different five aspects to evaluate culture, which are power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation (Holsfedes, 1991). . Base on this model, it can reveal that Starbucks have long power distance, because every employee in Starbucks have the same basic rights no special treatment. In addition, for the gander issue, Starbucks view all the employees the same regardless of their gender, thus, Starbucks has high masculinity and femininity. And it also has low uncertainty avoidance; due to it have a vast number of brunch stores abroad, Starbucks has to take huge risk for that. In terms of collectivistic, Starbucks belongs to high collectivistic, although it have branch store everywhere, but there is a core team to conduct the whole company. Starbuck still pay attention to environment and other charity event, so Starbucks is long term oriented. The strong power of Starbucks organisation culture appeals a great number of people, including both consumer and potential employee. Great quality of coffee and well service make Starbucks become a global company with hundreds of chain stores. Its organisation present a great service, consumer always be expected to be confronted with enthusiastic well trained employees with a great number of coffee knowledge and their service always base on consumers need. Starbuck also appeal people because of its values. As we talked above, Starbucks support many organisations in a long term, such as Conservation International, The Earthwatch Institute, Save the Children, Mercy Corps, the African Wildlife Foundation, and Planet Green. Starbucks convey a message that corporations need to concern about the society and environment around them. And then, Starbucks establish diversity internal working environment in order to satisfy the entire consumer. The strong organisational culture in Starbucks also embodied in the way they treat their employees. Starbucks hold a job fairs every year in different places, and there are also some guidelines for manager to interview the candidates and test whether they have full knowledge about the companys product, and who are adaptable, dependable and passionate in interacting with customers. Starbucks also need to deal with hundred of thousands of online applications using software developed by Taleo, this software help to screen out the candidates by answer the basic information and skills-based questions (Weber G. 2005). After recruiting people, Starbucks will also offer 24 hours of trainings to their employees, and learn how to use espresso machines, how to interact with the customers, the process and production of coffee beans. During the training, employees also need to understand the companys mission statement, and bring company culture to their customers (Cesario Minor, Jr. 2009), Starbu cks spends more on recruitment and development than on advertising which in 2004 is $68.3 million (Weber. G.2005), the mangers and assistance mangers also have trainings in computer, leadership and coffee knowledge. As Starbucks offers both product and services, people become an important factor in maintaining the quality, Starbucks treat their employees as partners by connecting their contribution to companys market value, and give the opportunity to share the success in the company, their employees are highly involved in companys activity by reporting their concerns to companys Mission review team, each employee will receive a comment card when they newly hired, and they can write down some suggestion, advice or disagreement in management decisions, the managers will response and sign for all the comment cards within two weeks, and their CEO Howard Schultz also review all the comments every month(Cesario Minor, Jr. 2009), the high involvement also increase the level of responsibil ity to the company. Starbucks also well known in retaining and rewarding their employees by good salary, stock options and health cares, according to Thompson Strickland (1999), the store employees were paid $6 to $8 per hour that is above the average minimum wages, their employees can also paying the initial years price and receiving the current years price by cashing in one-fifth of the shares granted each succeeding year. Part-time staffs is the major workforce in Starbucks, and they receive the same health insurance as full-time employees, the insurance including preventive care, crisis counselling, dental care, eye care, mental health care and treatment for chemical dependency. Howard Schultz also been invited to white house and meet with president Clinton to brief the Starbucks health care programme in 1994. Starbucks have a relative low turnover rage compare with the other companies, the turnover rage for Starbucks was about 65% compare with 150% to 400% for other retailers and fast-food chains, and the turnover rate for store manager was much lower, which is 25% compared with 50% in other retailers. Starbuckss organisation culture, especially the strong spiritual culture appealing lots potential employees, employees not only attracted by the salary, stock plans and health care, they would like to work for Starbucks because the trust, power and autonomy given by the organisation, Starbucks promotion for fair trade and environmental contributions also bring positive image and reputations. Critical evaluation of Management Leadership practices CE for business goal CE for organisational structure Critical evaluation of Management and Leadership practices As we have described previously, the organisation structure of Starbucks is the matrix structure. This structure influence management style and leadership style, too. The matrix structure strongly relies on the teamwork and relationship between employees and managerial stuffs. In the matrix structure, a line of command and report is complicating and the line is changed frequently. Therefore, employees are required more complex work rather than in other organisation structures. Moreover, organisation must provide employees good education system to create teamwork spirits in organisation. Additionally, in order to lead employees in the matrix structure, strong leadership and well-organised management style is necessary. (Mullins, 2005) It would appear that Starbucks Company might be able to overcome with these problems coming from disadvantage of the matrix structure and achieve to create good working relationship atmosphere. Therefore, they have been awarded a prize of 100 Best Compan ies to Work For by Fortune during 1998 to 2009, except 2001. (Starbucks 2010) CE for organisational culture There are two critical issues to discuss in Starbucks culture, firstly, David A. Pace, who has been an Executive Vice President of Partner Resources of Starbucks Corporation since 2002 said that, even company were to hit hard times, the strategy of above-average investment in training and rewarding employees isnt going to change (Weber G. 2005). Starbucks now is an successful company, and Paces announcement really help to build a good reputation on taking social responsibilities, however, once the company suffer from the crisis, can they still keep the promise, if they can, it helps to gain more support from their employee, but if they cant, the employees will feel disappoint and may break down the reputation. Secondly according to Weber G. (2005), Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks on October told Business week Online that, for the following two years, Starbucks would spend more on employee health care costs than it does on coffee. What Schulze said may have both impacts on their employees and customers. For their employees, they will feel appreciate and proud to work for Starbucks, and it may also attract more people desired to work for Starbucks. For Starbucks customers, some may feel Starbucks is a responsible and ethical company and feel comfortable to buy coffee from Starbucks. However, spending less on coffee may misleading other customers that the company will pay more attention on employee health care rather than coffee, customers may feels they are not regarded. Conclusions recommendations Conclusion Business goal Organisational structure As previously mentioned, Starbucks adopts matrix structure for their organisation structure. (SeaZone, 2009)    Matrix structure has a complex aspect owning to the characteristics of that structure, namely it has both of vertical structure and strong horizontal structure.   Matrix structure provides organisation flexibility, and contributes to keep security and control of project information.   Moreover, organisation can have a possibility to develop stuff well. (Mullins, 2005)   On the other hand, matrix structure has disadvantages, for example, it has limitation of number of employee who report to the project manager directly, moreover, matrix structure has a possibility that organisation make more complex. (Mullins, 2005)   However, Starbucks seems to have good relationship and well-organised education system for managerial stuffs to overcome with these disadvantage and they seems to convert these disadvantages to advantages of matrix structure.   Moreover, Howard Schu ltz, CEO of Starbucks, has strong leadership and he is trying to encourage stuffs in order to achieve their business well. (Starbucks, 2008)   In reality, the fact that Starbucks have been awarded a prize of 100 Best Companies to Work For by Fortune during 1998 to 2009, except 2001 gives evidence that many stuffs who are working for Starbucks satisfy to work in this circumstances. (Starbucks 2010) Organisational culture To conclusion, the Comprehensive and thoughtful organisation culture is Starbucks core competitive strategy, which is not only appeal potential employees but also the customers. Almost all the customers satisfied Starbucks services because they are treated very well. At the same time, they are faced with passionate employees and high quality coffee. For employees, they have well trained before they participate in the work formally, which allow them to introduce customer professionally. In addition, employees are satisfied with the wage and even part-time employees have the insurance as well. Feedback makes Starbucks culture special then their company. Their employees have the rights to write down their disagreement or suggestion to company. Recommendations Business goal Organisational structure(included in conclusion) Organisational culture As we know, Starbucks turnover rate is low, because their rewarding system attracts a great number of employees. We recommend company could change its rewarding system to performance base system, which means employees rewarding base on their personal working performance (e.g. set up best employee of the month/year). In terms of health care of employees in Starbucks, it is excellent to treat their employees in such a good way. However, consumers need an image that Starbucks devote itself to improve the quality of coffee and develop the environment in stores. Hence, we recommend Starbucks could increase spending on retail store decoration and offering more kinds of food.